How often should positive pressure ventilation be provided if needed?

Positive pressure ventilation for a newborn in need should be provided at a rate of 40 to 60 breaths per minute. This frequency is specifically recommended to ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation while also preventing carbon dioxide buildup in the bloodstream.

Newborns have a higher metabolic rate and oxygen demand compared to older children and adults, which necessitates the increased ventilation rate. The appropriateness of 40 to 60 breaths per minute aligns with the physiological needs of neonates and provides a balance between delivering sufficient air volume without risking barotrauma—an injury to the lungs that can occur from excessive pressures.

In contrasting this with lower or higher rates, while 20 to 30 breaths per minute may be insufficient to meet a newborn's respiratory requirements, rates above 60 breaths per minute could lead to ineffective ventilation and increased risk of injury to the delicate lung tissues of newborns. Hence, the selected answer ensures that the newborn receives optimal respiratory support in a critical situation.