How should epinephrine be administered to a newborn during resuscitation?

Epinephrine is a critical medication used during neonatal resuscitation, particularly in cases of bradycardia and asystole. The preferred routes for administering epinephrine in newborns during resuscitation include the umbilical vein or intraosseous route.

Administering epinephrine through the umbilical vein is effective because this route provides direct access to the central circulation, ensuring rapid drug absorption and action. The intraosseous route is another viable option, especially when venous access is challenging. This alternative allows for swift delivery of medications when intravenous access may not be quickly achievable.

Using a central line is not the typical first choice during resuscitation due to the complexity and time required to place one, especially in a critical situation. The intranasal route, while potentially useful for some medications in pediatric populations, is not an appropriate method for epinephrine administration in newborns, given the need for immediate effects that are best achieved through intravenous or intraosseous routes.

Intravenous administration, while effective, is not the exclusive method for epinephrine delivery in neonates. Thus, option C encompasses the most appropriate routes for this life-saving drug during resuscitation scenarios.