How should epinephrine be administered in a newborn during resuscitation?

In the context of newborn resuscitation, epinephrine is administered intravenously (IV) or intraosseously (IO) due to the rapid onset of action required in emergency situations. This method allows the medication to be delivered directly into the bloodstream, which ensures a swift and effective response in critical scenarios such as neonatal cardiac arrest or compromised circulation.

Intraosseous administration is also an acceptable alternative when IV access is challenging, and it provides similar benefits in terms of rapid absorption and immediate effect. The quick delivery of epinephrine is essential during resuscitation to help improve blood flow to vital organs and restore normal heart function.

The other routes of administration, such as intramuscular or subcutaneous, are not suitable for newborn resuscitation as they would result in slower absorption and delay the desired response during life-threatening situations. Additionally, inhalation through a nebulizer is not appropriate for epinephrine delivery in this context, as it is not effective for treating cardiac emergencies in neonates.