Which of the following is a critical monitoring factor for a newborn?

Breathing and heart rate are critical monitoring factors for a newborn because they are essential indicators of the newborn's immediate health and wellbeing. After birth, a newborn's ability to breathe effectively and maintain an adequate heart rate is vital for ensuring proper oxygenation and circulation. Any abnormalities in these two parameters can signal respiratory distress or cardiac complications, which require swift medical intervention.

Monitoring breathing includes assessing the rate, depth, and effort, as well as looking for any signs of respiratory distress, such as retractions or cyanosis. The heart rate is monitored to ensure it remains within a normal range, which is typically between 120 to 160 beats per minute for a newborn. Irregularities in either breathing or heart rate can help healthcare providers identify problems early on, allowing for prompt treatment that is crucial in the early hours after birth.

While skin color and tone, temperature and hydration, and blood pressure and sugar levels are important aspects of neonatal care, breathing and heart rate take priority in initial assessments because they provide immediate insight into the newborn's stability and the need for potential resuscitative measures.